Modern printed circuit boards are made from petroleum-based materials and are difficult to recycle. In a leap toward eco-friendly electronics, researchers at Empa have developed fully biodegradable printed circuit boards crafted from wood-based composites and bio-resin binders. Unlike conventional petroleum-derived PCBs, which pose significant recycling challenges, this innovative biomaterial offers a sustainable alternative without compromising functionality. The boards can be fabricated and integrated into electronic devices, presenting a viable route toward reducing e-waste and promoting a circular economy in electronics design.

Printed circuit boards, also known as PCBs are the heart of every electronic device, from laptops to electric toothbrushes. These rigid boards are covered with copper traces and soldered electronic components and are usually of a tell-tale green color. They are, however, not exactly environmentally friendly.

The substrate generally used for the traces and components is a laminate made of fiber-reinforced epoxy resin. This composite material is based on petroleum and cannot be recycled. Proper disposal is costly, for example in a special pyrolysis furnace with exhaust air purification a challenge, given the large quantities of discarded circuit boards that accumulate for disposal each year.

Researchers led by Thomas Geiger from Empa's Cellulose and Wood Materials laboratory are working on a green , i.e., sustainable option which is actually brown. As part of the EU research project HyPELignum (see box), they developed a wood-based substrate for PCBs that can compete with conventional epoxy resin and is also completely biodegradable. The researchers have incorporated the boards made from this material into functioning computer mice.

Dream Team of Fibrils and Lignin

The source for the carrier material is a natural mixture of cellulose with a small amount of lignin. Strictly speaking, it is a waste product. Our partners at the TNO research institute in the Netherlands have developed a process for extracting the raw materials lignin and hemicellulose from wood, explains Geiger. What remains is brownish lignocellulose, for which there has been no use so far. Geiger, who has a long track record of research into electronics made from cellulose, saw the potential of the raw material.

In order for the flaky lignocellulose to become a high-tech product such as a PCB, it must first be ground by adding water to break down the relatively thick cellulose fibers into thinner fibrils. This creates a fine network of slender fibrils that are interconnected. In a next step, the water is squeezed out of the mixture under high pressure. The fibrils move closer together and dry to form a solid mass. The researchers call this process hornification. The lignin contained in the material serves as an additional binding agent, says the Geiger.

The resulting hornified board is almost as resistant as a conventional circuit board made of fiber-reinforced epoxy almost. This is because the compostable board is still sensitive to water and high humidity. But water is needed because, if no water can penetrate the carrier material at all, microorganisms such as fungi can no longer grow in it and it would thus not be biodegradable, explains Geiger.

A Compostable Computer Mouse

Nevertheless, the researchers are confident that the resistance of lignocellulose-based biomaterials can be further improved with suitable processing methods. For certain applications, however, we also need to rethink our relationship with electronics, says Thomas Geiger. Many electronic devices are only in use for a few years before they become obsolete so it doesn't make sense to manufacture them from materials that can last for hundreds of years.

In collaboration with their industrial partner PROFACTOR GmbH in Austria, the researchers have printed conductive traces on their sustainable circuit boards and fitted them with components to produce functioning electronic devices, such as a computer mouse or an RFID card. At the end of its service life, such a device could be composted given the right conditions. Once the carrier material has decomposed, the metallic and electronic components can be removed from the compost and recycled.

Next, the researchers want to make their biomaterial for circuit boards more resistant without compromising its biodegradability. The project partners also plan to produce further demonstration devices with lignocellulose plates at the end of the HyPELignum project in 2026. Transfer to industry is also a must: Together with Swiss and European companies, we want to develop further applications for the lignocellulose material, says Geiger.

The EU research project HyPELignum aims to develop a holistic approach to functional, CO -neutral electronics. To this end, the international project partners from research and industry are combining wood-based raw materials and transition metals that are as non-critical as possible with additive manufacturing and advanced sustainability analyses. The project is funded under the Horizon Europe program and the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI) and will run from October 2022 to September 2026. Researchers at Empa are involved in the development of sustainable printed circuit boards and in life cycle analysis.